Annotated Bibliography On Juvenile Crimes Essay - 1353 Words

Attention Step Attention Pathos TIA/Relevancy Credibility Thesis Statement/ Preview of main points INTRODUCTION I. How would you feel if your sister, brother, mom, dad, or anyone close to you were harmed in anyway? How would you feel if you knew the person who committed the crime was a juvenile? II. From an online article published by KARE11 News station, in October in 2016, a 17-year-old boy decided to commit murder to a man and a harmless 7-month-old baby without even thinking. III. We all know there is crime happening among us. Did you ever think that the ones committing the crimes were as young as 10 years old? IV. Over the past few weeks, I have extensively researched juvenile crimes committed in the United States and those crimes committed closer to home, such as here in Indianapolis Indiana. By the end of my speech, I will ask you to come up and take a brochure on juvenile reform. V. Today I will persuade you to take action on the issue of juvenile crimes by explaining why it is a problem, that there is a solution, and the benefits of adopting this solution. Title slide Eye contact Loud voice Calm Pause Main Point 1- Need Step Casual Reasoning Support: Br. Ex. Support: Stats Support: Visual BODY I. Many risk factors tie into juveniles committing crimes and these crimes contribute to the national statistics in the UnitedShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Juvenile Crime And Sentencing1510 Words   |  7 Pages Skip Hollandsworth candidly explores the subjects of juvenile crime and sentencing in the electronic long form newspaper article, â€Å"The Prisoner†. The purpose of the essay is to inform the reader about juvenile sentencing and to persuade the audience that there are clear problems with aspects of the U.S. prison system. The article is easily accessible to a large audience because it is online. 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Book Review Indians in American History by Harlan...

Running Head: Indians in American History Indians in American History Introduction We often wonder that how exactly a country becomes a super power but when we go back in time and go through our history we see that how the super power like America has broken the rights of the people and suppress them to come this far where now it is trying to promote peace by solving problems and disputes between countries all across the globe. Harlan Davidson published the book Indian in American History second edition by Frederick Hoxie and Peter Iverson in March 1998. This book speaks the language of American Indians and is a historical guide about the Indian Americans. It is not just an ordinary textbook published to be taught in regular history classes but it is something more than that as it is on of those books that rarely speaks about the ground realities suffering and pain that Indian Americans had to face inside their own native soil. This book tell us that how the Native Indians were driven out in a most irritating manner from a multi point of view and how they were trie d to be limited by the Americans and then later wiped off. Purpose of the book Indians in American History, an introduction takes us back into the lives of Native American Indians in form of fourteen different short essays. The book contains theoretical and artistic bits of work from well-known authors who also tell and share their point of view as to how they felt about the whole process through which theShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M

An Effective Tool for Better Management

Questions: Define manufacturing overhead, and: Cite three examples of typical costs that would be included in manufacturing overhead. Explain why companies develop predetermined overhead rates. Explain why the increase in the overhead rate should not have a negative financial impact on Borealis Manufacturing. Explain how Borealis Manufacturing could change its overhead application system to eliminate confusion over product costs. Describe how an activity-based costing system might benefit Borealis Manufacturing.? Answers: Borealis Manufacturing was previously using QC inspectors for quality control process. The QC inspectors were appointed at each major process and there were a total of 10 inspectors. The salary being paid to the inspectors was charged to the operation as direct labour. However, in order to increase efficiency and quality, the company introduced a computerized video QC system at a cost of $250000. There were 2 QC engineer appointed to operate the cameras. The operating costs of the new QC system and the salary of the two QC engineers is included in the factory overhead in order to calculate the companys manufacturing overhead rate which is based on direct labour. The Vice President of production is worried as the overhead rate has increased after the execution of new QC system. The manufacturing overhead and the overhead rate before and after are as below: Before After Budgeted Manufacturing Overhead 1900000 2100000 Budgeted Direct Labour Cost 1000000 700000 Budgeted Overhead rate 190% 300% Manufacturing Overhead also known as Factory Overhead can be defined as the indirect costs which are incurred in the production of a product along with direct material and direct labour. The manufacturing overhead costs should be assigned to each unit produced so that the cost of goods sold and the inventory can be valued and reported as per the generally accepted principles (GAAP). There are also non manufacturing costs like selling and administrative expenses which are incurred during the course of the business, but these costs are presented in the Income Statement as expenses represent a part of the total cost. They are not assigned to the product for inventory and COGS purposes. There are many costs which form a part of the manufacturing overhead, however three types of costs that will typically be included in production include: Salaries and wages of people involved in inspection of the product, maintenance of the equipment, cleanliness of the manufacturing area, material handling, setting up the manufacturing equipment and the factory management team. Depreciation on the plants and equipments and the facilities used in production Electricity, water, natural gas costs incurred in the production facilities and equipment. A pre- determined overhead rate is the allocation rate which is used by the company to allocate the estimated manufacturing overhead costs to each unit of product for a specified reporting period. The rate is used so that the accounting books can be closed quickly since a lot of time will be wasted in compiling the actual manufacturing overhead and allocating the same. The predetermined rate can be computed as follows: Estimated amount of manufacturing overhead for the period Estimated allocation base for the period There are two bases which can be used for determining the pre determined overhead rate which are Machine Hours and Labour Hours. Machine and labours are directly involved in production of goods and hence it can be identified as to how many hours are required by the machine to produce a part or the time taken by the labour to assemble a part of the machinery. The pre determined overhead rate can be used to allocate the resources available to a company and therefore help in setting of the prices of the product. The overhead rate helps in allocating manufacturing overheads to a particular product. The total manufacturing overhead will be allocated to all the products on basis of overhead rate. No matter how much cost is allocated to which product, the total manufacturing overhead will remain the same and will be reported as the inventory and the cost of goods sold in the financial statements. These amounts will be reasonably correct. Moreover, as long as the factory overhead appears in the financial statements as the cost of goods sold, the financial statements will be accurate and will receive a clean audit report. E.g. in the above case, the total manufacturing costs before the installation of the new system is $1900000 allocated to the products produced by Borealis on the basis of direct labour cost. Even when the manufacturing overhead has increased to $2100000, the same will be allocated on the basis of labour cost. Since the overhead rate is higher in the new system, a product requirin g more labour will be allocated higher manufacturing overhead. However, the total manufacturing overhead as reported in the financial statements in the form of cost of goods sold will remain $2100000, thereby not affecting the financial statements. In order to avoid confusion over the apportionment of indirect costs to the products, Borealis Manufacturing can look at changing its costing system to make it more efficient and appropriate. Currently, the direct labour cost is the allocation base for manufacturing overhead allocation. After installation of the new system, the direct labour cost has gone down from $1000000 to $700000, and the manufacturing overhead as increased from $190000 to $2100000, thus increasing the overhead absorption rate to 300% from 190%. Hence, a product/process requiring more labour will be allocated higher manufacturing overhead even if the product/process does not form a major part of the total production or process of the company. Thus, the allocation might be inappropriate. In order, to remove the inefficiency in resource allocation, Borealis should adopt a costing method which allocates the overhead costs in a more logical manner and not purely on the basis of direct labour cost. Currently there may be products which require higher machine hours and the machine hour rate may be more than the direct labour cost rate. So the products with more machine hours and less labour hours will be allocated lower overhead cost since the overhead rate is based on direct labour cost. Whereas, in terms of costs, more costs are being incurred for the said product. Hence, in order to eliminate this flaw of assigning manufacturing overhead costs on the basis of only one particular basis like machine hours or labour hours/cost is incorrect, a better way of cost apportionment would be through Activity Based Costing (ABC) which takes into consideration the reason for the incurring of the manufacturing overhead i.e. which activity is causing the overhead to incur and then it assigns the costs to the products which demand the most of those activities, thus making the allocation more logical. Activity Based Costing is a two process system where the overhead costs are assigned to the activities in the first stage and then the costs are allocated from these activities to the products in the second stage. The basic assumption in ABC costing is that the overhead costs are incurred due to a number of activities and the different products use these activities in a non- homogenous manner. Thus there may be some activities which are more expensive than the other. A product which uses most of the expensive activity will be assigned higher overhead costs. The various steps involved in Activity Based Costing are as follows: Identification of all activities involved in the process of production Classification of the activity on the basis of cost hierarchy Identification of the total costs for every activity identified Identification of the cost drivers for each activity Estimation of the total units of the cost drivers relevant for each activity Calculation of the activity usage rate by dividing the activity cost per unit by the relevant cost driver Apportionment of the cost of each activity to the product based on the activity rate. In the above case of Borealis, the various activities and the relevant cost drivers to that activity could include: Activity Relevant Cost Driver Production of parts Number of machine hours Assembly of parts Number of labour hours Set up costs Number of set ups Product testing Number of testing hours Designing Number of designer hours Differences in the units Number of differences Packaging Number of units Shipping Number of units Rent Labour cost Many organisations have adopted the ABC costing method of resource allocation as it is more appropriate and logical; however, the system has its own limitations which may hold the company from implementing the system: Expensive implementation the implementation of ABC costing is very expensive and time consuming as it involves breaking down the process into various activities. It can lead to using of company resources as data is collected and entered in the system. Use of software for ABC, appointment of a specialised consultant and training of the employees are other costs of introducing ABC costing. Misinterpretation of Data the accounting standards accept the traditional costing and not the activity based costing. Hence, interpreting the ABC cost allocation with the regular accounting information can lead to misleading and bad decision making. However, the benefits of ABC costing are more as compared to the limitations and a company should use software to integrate its information with the regular cost accounting information. References Mahal, I., Hossain, A., (2015), Activity Based Costing (ABC) An Effective Tool for Better Management, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol. 6, No.4 Anderson, R., Steven, and Kalpan, (2003), Time Driven Activity Based Costing Joan, M., (2009), Traditional Versus Activity-Based Product Costing Methods: a field study in a Defense Electronics Manufacturing Company, Proceedings from ASBBS Annual Conference Roztocki, N., Schultz, S.M., (2003), Adoption and Implementation of Activtiy- Based Costing: A Web Based Survey, State University of New York at New Paltz School of business

Supplier Rating System Essay Example

Supplier Rating System Essay Supplier Rating System Supplier Rating System Supplier Manual Presented by Admiral Tool Manufacturing Purchasing and Quality WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 1 Supplier Rating System Table of Contents Introduction Scoring Criteria Rejected Parts Per Million Scoring Criteria Quality Notices / Written Complaints Scoring Criteria Delivery Scoring Criteria Service / Responsiveness Minimum Expectations Corrective Action Process Scorecard Example Trend, Pareto, and Paynter Charts example 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 13 15 WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 2 Supplier Rating System Introduction Admiral Tool Manufacturing has become an independent supplier of automotive steering column systems by dedication to customer satisfaction through continuous improvement as well as the exceptional support and ingenuity from our valued suppliers. The supplier relationship is our key to success, and continued success will rely on effective communication with suppliers to meet and exceed our customer’s expectations. To improve our communication and performance with suppliers, Admiral Tool Manufacturing has established the Supplier Rating System using the Report ard as a vehicle to provide feedback to our suppliers on their performance. This feedback will focus on quality (rejected parts per million), delivery, service, and quality notices/written complaints. Supplier performance will be evaluated each quarter with a maximum of 100 points available. The distribution and calculations of these points are explained in detail in the pages to follo w. The Report cards will be distributed the 2nd week of each quarter evaluating the prior three month’s performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Supplier Rating System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supplier Rating System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supplier Rating System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Report cards will be printed and distributed from our manufacturing facility located in Livonia, MI. As a current supplier to the automotive industry, Admiral Tool Manufacturing believes you are well aware of the efforts to improve supplier performance in these areas and reduce the cost of developing and supplying parts/systems to our customers. We hope that the information provided to you will be beneficial and communicate our expectations for continuous improvements. WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 3 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Rejected Parts Per Million (RPPM) The RPPM category accounts for 30 points of the overall Scorecard rating. Supplier RPPM (rejected parts per million) is calculated on the basis of the amount of non-conforming materials versus the total amount of materials received in a given fiscal month. This calculation is then normalized to reflect a constant basis of one million units received. Example: A Supplier ships 100,000 parts to a plant, of those 7 are found to be nonconforming. The Scorecard calculation will be (7/100,000) x 1,000,000 = 70 RPPM’s. The Supplier’s score for this example will be 12 points. The following table outlines parts per million ranges and their respective scores: RPPM Rating 0 – 25 26 – 30 31 – 35 36 – 40 41 – 45 46 – 50 51 – 55 56 – 60 61 – 65 66 – 70 71 – 75 76 – 80 81 – 85 86 – 90 91 – 95 96 100 Score 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 4 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Quality Notices/Written Complaints The Quality Notices/Written Complaint category accounts for 20 points of the overall Scorecard. The system rates Suppliers on the number of formal rejection notices or written complaints and the severity of each complaint with the following formula. The number of occurrences per classification code) x (severity index) Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Engineering issues Minor issues Repeat Minor issues Major issues Severe issues 0. 00 0. 10 0. 25 0. 50 1. 00 points per occurrence point s per occurrence points per occurrence points per occurrence points per occurrence Example: A Supplier receives one written complaint in Level 1, two written complaints in level 2. The total number of points will be calculated as (1 x 0. 1) + (2 x 0. 25) = 0. 60 total. The Supplier’s score in this example will be 9 points (see table on next page). The following table outlines the quality notice rating ranges and their respective scores: WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 5 Supplier Rating System Total Quality Notice Rating Points 0. 00 0. 05 0. 06 0. 10 0. 11 0. 15 0. 16 0. 20 0. 21 0. 25 0. 26 0. 30 0. 31 0. 35 0. 36 0. 40 0. 41 0. 45 0. 46 0. 50 0. 51 0. 55 0. 56 0. 60 0. 61 0. 65 0. 66 0. 70 0. 71 0. 75 0. 76 0. 80 0. 81 0. 85 0. 86 0. 90 0. 91 0. 95 0. 96 1. 00 1. 01 1. 05 Score 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 6 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Delivery The Delivery category accounts for 30 points of the overall Scorecard. Delivery ratings are calculated on the basis of the amount of shipments that have errors versus the total amount of shipments in a given fiscal month. This information is then calculated into a percentage. Delivery ratings are determined on the occurrence of the following criteria only when it is determined to be the Supplier’s responsibility: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Late deliveries Premium freight occurrences Damaged parts Over shipment of the quantity ordered Early deliveries Short shipment of the quantity ordered The potential for more than one occurrence per shipment does exist. If no shipments are received in the given month, a notation will appear on your Scorecard in the comment section. The system automatically calculates the delivery percentage and associated points based on the following formula: Delivery % = [(total shipments number of occurrences) / total shipments] x 100 Example: A Supplier sends 36 shipments for the month, of those 36 shipments, 1 shipment is late, and 1 shipment is short of the quantity ordered. This counts as 2 occurrences. The delivery percentage calculation will be [(36-2) / 36] x 100 = 94. 4 %. The Supplier’s score for this example will be 18 points. WI-PU-06-002 7 Supplier Rating System The following table outlines the delivery percentages and their respective scores: Delivery Occurrence Percentage 100 99. 6 – 99. 9 98. 6 – 99. 5 97. 6 – 98. 5 96. 6 – 97. 5 95. 6 – 96. 5 94. 6 – 95. 5 93. 6 – 94. 4 92. 6 – 93. 5 91. 6 – 92. 5 90. 6 – 91. 5 89. 6 – 90. 5 88. 6 – 89. 5 87. 6 – 88. 5 86. 6 – 87. 5 85. 6 – 86. 5 85. 5 Or less Score 30 29 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 WI-PU-06-002 8 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Service/Responsiveness The Service/Responsiveness category accounts for 20 points of the overall Scorecard. Service ratings are determined on the basis of the following criteria: †¢ †¢ †¢ On time and accurate Production Part Approval Process (PPAP), as required On time and accurate response to quality issues, including corrective action reports (8D) On time and accurate documentation, as required by each location. (Including, but not limited to; SPC, certifications, invoices, packing slips, etc. Example: A Supplier fails to submit on time for the latest engineering level in the Production Part Approval Process (PPAP). The Supplier’s score for this example is 16 points. The following table outlines the service/responsiveness occurrences and their respective scores: Service Incidences 0 1 2 3 4 5 or greater Score 20 16 12 8 4 0 Note: This category can be used at the discretion of the manufacturing facility to cover situations of severe nature. (i. e. shutting the manufacturing or customer plant down). WI-PU-06-002 9 Supplier Rating System Minimum Expectations In the Delivery category: The minimum expectation is 98 % (26 points out of the 30 possible. ) In the combined categories of Delivery and RPPM’s: The minimum expectation is 85 %, (combined total of 51 points out of 60 possible). Corrective Actions The following will apply to Suppliers who do not meet these minimum expectations. First month Notification letters will be sent to Suppliers stating the minimum score has not been met and why. A corrective action plan may be required. Second consecutive month A second notification letter will be sent stating that the minimum score has not been met and why. A corrective action plan will be required. You will receive a follow up phone call from STA to obtain the corrective action plan. Third consecutive month The Supplier’s Senior Management will either be visited or called to Admiral Tool for a meeting regarding their performance. STA may perform an on site Quality Systems Assessment. The Supplier may be placed on probation at this time. Corrective Action plans will require the following charts: Trend, Pareto, Painter, 8-D’s and an action plan matrix. (See The Corrective Action Process on the following page. In the Competitiveness Category: Due to the uniqueness of our supply base and the products they manufacture, Admiral Tools Purchasing Manager and Quality Manager will handle each Supplier falling below the minimum expectation on a case-by-case basis. Falling below the minimum requirements may lead to the following actions: Letters indicating you are below our Competitiveness requirements Attendance at a Purchasing m eeting with upper management to discuss steps to be taken Not being awarded any future or replacement business Current work being resourced WI-PU-06-002 10 Supplier Rating System Corrective Action Process Anytime a supplier falls below the Minimum Performance levels or has trended toward performance degradation of a particular concern to Admiral Tool, the Supplier Corrective Action Process will be implemented. 1) The Supplier’s management will be contacted by either Admiral Tool’s Quality Manager or STA. 2) The Supplier will be expected to identify the nature of the failing performance verbally when contacted. This verbal response should be formally answered with a Disciplined Problem Solving Methods (i. e. 8-D), Open Issues Matrix and a Supplier letter of explanation. In the letter of explanation he supplier will be expected to clarify any discrepancies between the Problem Solving Form and the Open Issues Matrix and establish a level of commitment to resolving the poor performance. 3) The supplier will be expected to establish and maintain Management Operating System (MOS) measurable. The reporting format will consist of Trend, Pareto and Paynt er charts. These charts should be maintained weekly to record positive trends from corrective or continuous improvement activity. It will be mandatory to maintain the charts covering a minimum performance history of six months to facilitate discussion with Admiral Tool. All three charts need to be placed on a single page, as in the example attached. Formatted disks are also available from Admiral Tool STA. 4) Trend, Pareto, and Paynter charts are expected to be kept on various levels of data as described below: Internal Indicators Supplier data collected at: a) End of line inspection b) Containment inspection when applicable External Indicators Supplier data collected from the Customer: a) Rejects and defects from the Admiral facility receiving product b) Rejects and defects by a third party containment activity Data must not be mixed or combined from these different levels. Reject and defect data collection must exist on its own separate sheet, used for comparisons, analysis, and decisionmaking. 5) Suppliers will be expected to establish, maintain and provide a Systematic Problem Solving Form and Open Issues Matrices in addition to the Trend, Pareto, and Paynter charts to support and expedite any discussion with Admiral Tool. WI-PU-06-002 11 Supplier Rating System 6) In early stages of the Corrective Actions Process, the supplier must support the immediate resolution and closure of concerns with informed middle management who is empowered to make decisions. In the event of issues requiring further attention, Senior Supplier Management will be invited to meet with Purchasing and Quality to present and address all concerns. 7) Failure to meet Minimum Performance levels, or when performance trends have shown serious degradation, the supplier may be placed on probation. While on probation, restricted sourcing may apply and the need to re-source considered. 8) Data collected from the Supplier Rating System and the Corrective Action Process will be shared with Senior Management across Admiral Tool via our Worst Supplier Report, published monthly. Supplier Recognition It is the intent of Admiral Tool Manufacturing to recognize and reward our very best Suppliers. The Supplier Rating System and the Best Supplier Report provides the means to analyze and identify our very best performers within a system driven by data. Currently several recognition proposals are under review, though not available at this time of publishing. A separate addendum will follow describing in detail the Admiral Too Manufacturing Performance Recognition Program. Supplier Rating System Essay Example Supplier Rating System Essay Supplier Rating System Supplier Rating System Supplier Manual Presented by Admiral Tool Manufacturing Purchasing and Quality WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 1 Supplier Rating System Table of Contents Introduction Scoring Criteria Rejected Parts Per Million Scoring Criteria Quality Notices / Written Complaints Scoring Criteria Delivery Scoring Criteria Service / Responsiveness Minimum Expectations Corrective Action Process Scorecard Example Trend, Pareto, and Paynter Charts example 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 13 15 WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 2 Supplier Rating System Introduction Admiral Tool Manufacturing has become an independent supplier of automotive steering column systems by dedication to customer satisfaction through continuous improvement as well as the exceptional support and ingenuity from our valued suppliers. The supplier relationship is our key to success, and continued success will rely on effective communication with suppliers to meet and exceed our customer’s expectations. To improve our communication and performance with suppliers, Admiral Tool Manufacturing has established the Supplier Rating System using the Report ard as a vehicle to provide feedback to our suppliers on their performance. This feedback will focus on quality (rejected parts per million), delivery, service, and quality notices/written complaints. Supplier performance will be evaluated each quarter with a maximum of 100 points available. The distribution and calculations of these points are explained in detail in the pages to follo w. The Report cards will be distributed the 2nd week of each quarter evaluating the prior three month’s performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Supplier Rating System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supplier Rating System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supplier Rating System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Report cards will be printed and distributed from our manufacturing facility located in Livonia, MI. As a current supplier to the automotive industry, Admiral Tool Manufacturing believes you are well aware of the efforts to improve supplier performance in these areas and reduce the cost of developing and supplying parts/systems to our customers. We hope that the information provided to you will be beneficial and communicate our expectations for continuous improvements. WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 3 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Rejected Parts Per Million (RPPM) The RPPM category accounts for 30 points of the overall Scorecard rating. Supplier RPPM (rejected parts per million) is calculated on the basis of the amount of non-conforming materials versus the total amount of materials received in a given fiscal month. This calculation is then normalized to reflect a constant basis of one million units received. Example: A Supplier ships 100,000 parts to a plant, of those 7 are found to be nonconforming. The Scorecard calculation will be (7/100,000) x 1,000,000 = 70 RPPM’s. The Supplier’s score for this example will be 12 points. The following table outlines parts per million ranges and their respective scores: RPPM Rating 0 – 25 26 – 30 31 – 35 36 – 40 41 – 45 46 – 50 51 – 55 56 – 60 61 – 65 66 – 70 71 – 75 76 – 80 81 – 85 86 – 90 91 – 95 96 100 Score 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 4 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Quality Notices/Written Complaints The Quality Notices/Written Complaint category accounts for 20 points of the overall Scorecard. The system rates Suppliers on the number of formal rejection notices or written complaints and the severity of each complaint with the following formula. The number of occurrences per classification code) x (severity index) Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Engineering issues Minor issues Repeat Minor issues Major issues Severe issues 0. 00 0. 10 0. 25 0. 50 1. 00 points per occurrence point s per occurrence points per occurrence points per occurrence points per occurrence Example: A Supplier receives one written complaint in Level 1, two written complaints in level 2. The total number of points will be calculated as (1 x 0. 1) + (2 x 0. 25) = 0. 60 total. The Supplier’s score in this example will be 9 points (see table on next page). The following table outlines the quality notice rating ranges and their respective scores: WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 5 Supplier Rating System Total Quality Notice Rating Points 0. 00 0. 05 0. 06 0. 10 0. 11 0. 15 0. 16 0. 20 0. 21 0. 25 0. 26 0. 30 0. 31 0. 35 0. 36 0. 40 0. 41 0. 45 0. 46 0. 50 0. 51 0. 55 0. 56 0. 60 0. 61 0. 65 0. 66 0. 70 0. 71 0. 75 0. 76 0. 80 0. 81 0. 85 0. 86 0. 90 0. 91 0. 95 0. 96 1. 00 1. 01 1. 05 Score 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 WI-PU-06-002 Rev. Lev. 003 Rev. Date 02/06/2003 6 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Delivery The Delivery category accounts for 30 points of the overall Scorecard. Delivery ratings are calculated on the basis of the amount of shipments that have errors versus the total amount of shipments in a given fiscal month. This information is then calculated into a percentage. Delivery ratings are determined on the occurrence of the following criteria only when it is determined to be the Supplier’s responsibility: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Late deliveries Premium freight occurrences Damaged parts Over shipment of the quantity ordered Early deliveries Short shipment of the quantity ordered The potential for more than one occurrence per shipment does exist. If no shipments are received in the given month, a notation will appear on your Scorecard in the comment section. The system automatically calculates the delivery percentage and associated points based on the following formula: Delivery % = [(total shipments number of occurrences) / total shipments] x 100 Example: A Supplier sends 36 shipments for the month, of those 36 shipments, 1 shipment is late, and 1 shipment is short of the quantity ordered. This counts as 2 occurrences. The delivery percentage calculation will be [(36-2) / 36] x 100 = 94. 4 %. The Supplier’s score for this example will be 18 points. WI-PU-06-002 7 Supplier Rating System The following table outlines the delivery percentages and their respective scores: Delivery Occurrence Percentage 100 99. 6 – 99. 9 98. 6 – 99. 5 97. 6 – 98. 5 96. 6 – 97. 5 95. 6 – 96. 5 94. 6 – 95. 5 93. 6 – 94. 4 92. 6 – 93. 5 91. 6 – 92. 5 90. 6 – 91. 5 89. 6 – 90. 5 88. 6 – 89. 5 87. 6 – 88. 5 86. 6 – 87. 5 85. 6 – 86. 5 85. 5 Or less Score 30 29 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 WI-PU-06-002 8 Supplier Rating System Scoring Criteria Service/Responsiveness The Service/Responsiveness category accounts for 20 points of the overall Scorecard. Service ratings are determined on the basis of the following criteria: †¢ †¢ †¢ On time and accurate Production Part Approval Process (PPAP), as required On time and accurate response to quality issues, including corrective action reports (8D) On time and accurate documentation, as required by each location. (Including, but not limited to; SPC, certifications, invoices, packing slips, etc. Example: A Supplier fails to submit on time for the latest engineering level in the Production Part Approval Process (PPAP). The Supplier’s score for this example is 16 points. The following table outlines the service/responsiveness occurrences and their respective scores: Service Incidences 0 1 2 3 4 5 or greater Score 20 16 12 8 4 0 Note: This category can be used at the discretion of the manufacturing facility to cover situations of severe nature. (i. e. shutting the manufacturing or customer plant down). WI-PU-06-002 9 Supplier Rating System Minimum Expectations In the Delivery category: The minimum expectation is 98 % (26 points out of the 30 possible. ) In the combined categories of Delivery and RPPM’s: The minimum expectation is 85 %, (combined total of 51 points out of 60 possible). Corrective Actions The following will apply to Suppliers who do not meet these minimum expectations. First month Notification letters will be sent to Suppliers stating the minimum score has not been met and why. A corrective action plan may be required. Second consecutive month A second notification letter will be sent stating that the minimum score has not been met and why. A corrective action plan will be required. You will receive a follow up phone call from STA to obtain the corrective action plan. Third consecutive month The Supplier’s Senior Management will either be visited or called to Admiral Tool for a meeting regarding their performance. STA may perform an on site Quality Systems Assessment. The Supplier may be placed on probation at this time. Corrective Action plans will require the following charts: Trend, Pareto, Painter, 8-D’s and an action plan matrix. (See The Corrective Action Process on the following page. In the Competitiveness Category: Due to the uniqueness of our supply base and the products they manufacture, Admiral Tools Purchasing Manager and Quality Manager will handle each Supplier falling below the minimum expectation on a case-by-case basis. Falling below the minimum requirements may lead to the following actions: Letters indicating you are below our Competitiveness requirements Attendance at a Purchasing m eeting with upper management to discuss steps to be taken Not being awarded any future or replacement business Current work being resourced WI-PU-06-002 10 Supplier Rating System Corrective Action Process Anytime a supplier falls below the Minimum Performance levels or has trended toward performance degradation of a particular concern to Admiral Tool, the Supplier Corrective Action Process will be implemented. 1) The Supplier’s management will be contacted by either Admiral Tool’s Quality Manager or STA. 2) The Supplier will be expected to identify the nature of the failing performance verbally when contacted. This verbal response should be formally answered with a Disciplined Problem Solving Methods (i. e. 8-D), Open Issues Matrix and a Supplier letter of explanation. In the letter of explanation he supplier will be expected to clarify any discrepancies between the Problem Solving Form and the Open Issues Matrix and establish a level of commitment to resolving the poor performance. 3) The supplier will be expected to establish and maintain Management Operating System (MOS) measurable. The reporting format will consist of Trend, Pareto and Paynt er charts. These charts should be maintained weekly to record positive trends from corrective or continuous improvement activity. It will be mandatory to maintain the charts covering a minimum performance history of six months to facilitate discussion with Admiral Tool. All three charts need to be placed on a single page, as in the example attached. Formatted disks are also available from Admiral Tool STA. 4) Trend, Pareto, and Paynter charts are expected to be kept on various levels of data as described below: Internal Indicators Supplier data collected at: a) End of line inspection b) Containment inspection when applicable External Indicators Supplier data collected from the Customer: a) Rejects and defects from the Admiral facility receiving product b) Rejects and defects by a third party containment activity Data must not be mixed or combined from these different levels. Reject and defect data collection must exist on its own separate sheet, used for comparisons, analysis, and decisionmaking. 5) Suppliers will be expected to establish, maintain and provide a Systematic Problem Solving Form and Open Issues Matrices in addition to the Trend, Pareto, and Paynter charts to support and expedite any discussion with Admiral Tool. WI-PU-06-002 11 Supplier Rating System 6) In early stages of the Corrective Actions Process, the supplier must support the immediate resolution and closure of concerns with informed middle management who is empowered to make decisions. In the event of issues requiring further attention, Senior Supplier Management will be invited to meet with Purchasing and Quality to present and address all concerns. 7) Failure to meet Minimum Performance levels, or when performance trends have shown serious degradation, the supplier may be placed on probation. While on probation, restricted sourcing may apply and the need to re-source considered. 8) Data collected from the Supplier Rating System and the Corrective Action Process will be shared with Senior Management across Admiral Tool via our Worst Supplier Report, published monthly. Supplier Recognition It is the intent of Admiral Tool Manufacturing to recognize and reward our very best Suppliers. The Supplier Rating System and the Best Supplier Report provides the means to analyze and identify our very best performers within a system driven by data. Currently several recognition proposals are under review, though not available at this time of publishing. A separate addendum will follow describing in detail the Admiral Too Manufacturing Performance Recognition Program.

Conventional Morality Essay Essay Example

Conventional Morality Essay Essay Example Conventional Morality Essay Paper Conventional Morality Essay Paper Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Physical effects of an action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human significance or value of these effects. Avoidance of penalty and unquestioning respect to power are valued in their ain right. non in footings of regard for an implicit in moral order supported by penalty and authorization. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is for ego – â€Å"Will I get into problem for making ( or non making ) it? † Good behavior is associated with avoiding penalty. Insufficiency of Stage 1 logical thinking: Avoidance of penalty regardless of the ethical value of the actions is unhealthy particularly under â€Å"bad† governments such as Adolf Hitler. * Phase 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: Right action is â€Å"that which instrumentally satisfies one’s ain demands and on occasion the demands of others. † â€Å"Human dealingss are viewed in footings like those of the market place ; elements of equity. reciprocality and equal sharing are present. but they are ever interpreted in a physical or matter-of-fact manner. Reciprocity is a affair of ‘you scratch my dorsum and I’ll abrasion yours. ’ non of trueness. gratitude or justness. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What’s in it for me? † It is still egoistic in mentality but with a turning ability to see things from another person’s position. Action is judged right if it helps in fulfilling one’s demands or involves a just exchange. Inadequacy of Stage 2 logical thinking: Where the demands of different persons struggle. can there of all time be a just exchange? Doesn’t this struggle call for forfeit from one of the parties? Degree 2 – Conventional Morality People at this phase conform to the conventions / regulations of a society. * Phase 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Good behaviour is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. There is much conformance to stereotyped images of what is bulk or ‘natural’ behavior. Behavior is often judged by purpose. ‘He means well’ becomes of import for the first clip. One earns blessing by being ‘nice. ‘† ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What will people believe of me? † and the desire is for group blessing. Right action is one that would delight or affect others. This frequently involves selflessnesss but it provides the psychological pleasance of ‘approval of others. ‘ Actions are besides judged in relation to their purpose. Insufficiency of Stage 3 logical thinking: * Same individual. different functions OR Different groups. different outlooks * Different people. different functions * People non populating up to their responsibilities or functions * Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right behaviour consists in making one’s responsibility. demoing regard for authorization and keeping the given societal order for its ain interest. † A individual in this phase â€Å"orients to society as a system of fixed regulation. jurisprudence and authorization with the chance of any divergence from regulations as taking to societal pandemonium. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern now goes beyond one’s immediate group ( s ) to the larger society †¦ to the care of jurisprudence and order. One’s duty to the jurisprudence overrides one’s duties of trueness to one’s household. friends and groups. To set it merely. no 1 or group is above the jurisprudence. Inadequacy of Stage 4 logical thinking: * Unquestioning obeisance toward authorization is unhealthy. * Accepted societal order may non be the best possible order. The Torahs of society may even be bad. Degree 3 – POSTConventional Morality The moral rules that underline the conventions of a society in this degree are understood. * Phase 5: Social Contract Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Generally with useful overtones. Right action tends to be defined in footings of general single rights and in footings of criterions which have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society †¦ with an accent upon the possibility of altering jurisprudence in footings of rational consideration of societal public-service corporation ( instead than stiffly keeping it in footings of Stage 4 jurisprudence and order ) . † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is societal public-service corporation or public involvement. While regulations are needed to keep societal order. they should non be blindly obeyed but should be set up ( even changed ) by societal contract for the greater good of society. Right action is one that protects the rights of the single harmonizing to regulations agreed upon by the whole society. Insufficiency of Stage 5 logical thinking: How do we get at a consensus on the regulations that are good for society? Should a bulk group enforce their penchants on a minority group? What if you disagree with the determination of the bulk? * Phase 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right is defined by the determination of scruples in agreement with self-chosen ethical rules appealing to logical fullness. catholicity and consistence. These rules are abstract and ethical ( the aureate regulation. the categorical jussive mood ) and are non concrete moral regulations like the Ten Commandments. At bosom. these are cosmopolitan rules of justness. of the reciprocality and equality of human rights. and of regard for the self-respect of human existences as single individuals. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is for moral rules †¦ an action is judged right if it is consistent with self-chosen ethical rules. These rules are non concrete moral regulations but are cosmopolitan rules of justness. reciprocality. equality and human self-respect. Insufficiency of Stage 6 logical thinking: Our scruples is non an infallible usher to behaviour because it works harmonizing to the rules we have adopted. Furthermore. who or what determines these cosmopolitan rules? Although moral logical thinking does non needfully take to moral action. the latter is based in portion on one’s capacity to ground about moral picks. Kohlberg was more concerned with the logical thinking of the action than the action itself. And that concluding when acted upon becomes our motive. II – ETHICAL RELATIVISM * Cultural Relativism ( sociological relativism ) : The descriptive position that different groups of people have different moral criterions for measuring Acts of the Apostless as right or incorrect. A. Therefore. it is non an ethical doctrine–it’s a sociological or experimental conclusion–even so ; the position is slightly equivocal. B. For illustration. different groups might hold the same basic moral rule. but apply the rule in radically different state of affairss. 1. A 2nd sense of cultural relativism is less obvious. I. e. . that different civilizations differ on basic moral rules. 2. A possible ground for the observation of cultural relativism is shown by the illustration of basic moral rules which could be said to back up different moral regulations harmonizing to the readings of different civilizations. In the undermentioned diagrams. there are two immensely different readings listed for each moral rule. * Ethical Relativism: the normative position that ( 1 ) different groups of people ought to hold different ethical criterions for measuring Acts of the Apostless as right or incorrect. ( 2 ) these different beliefs are true in their several societies. and ( 3 ) these different beliefs are non cases of a basic moral rule. A. The ethical relativist frequently derives support for his place by two basic errors: 1. The relativist confuses cultural ( or sociological ) relativism with ethical relativism. but cultural relativism is a descriptive position and ethical relativism is a normative position. ( E. g. . cultural relativismdescribes the manner the manner people really behave. and ethical relativism prescribes the manner people ought to act. 2. The ethical relativist frequently argues as follows: â€Å"An absolute ethical criterion has neer been proved beyond uncertainty in the history of idea. Thus. an absolute ethical criterion does non be. † This statement is an case ad ignorantiam false belief. P is unproven ; not-p is true. From the fact that a statement has non been proved. we can logically pull no decision. B. Expostulations to ethical relativism. 1. The Differing Ideals Objection ( or. as it is sometimes called. the lingual expostulation ) : it is inconsistent to state that the same pattern is considered right in one society and considered incorrect in another. ( If â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† are to hold consistent significance. so the footings must be used in the same manner. ) Possible counter-objections ( by the ethical relativist ) : a. The relativist sometimes states that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent significance. These words reflect merely emotion or possibly the ceremonial usage of linguistic communication. In other words. this defence shades into ethical subjectivism. Counter-counter-objection ( by ethical absolutist ) : The job with believing that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent significance is the ordinary usage of words in this instance consequences in nonsense. What would go on if people used the same word in different state of affairss to mention to different things? Communication would non take topographic point. B. Some ethical relativists believe ethical words are reducible to non-ethical values ; e. g. . these words have to make with recommendations for endurance or wellbeing. Counter-counter-objection ( by ethical absolutist ) : the job here is merely the trouble of understanding the nature of a non-ethical value. Would a non-ethical value be an aesthetic value? c. Some relativists believe we can warrant relativism by intuition. disclosure. authorization. etc. Counter-counter-objection ( by ethical absolutist ) : these efforts are subjectively based ; they differ from clip to clip and topographic point to topographic point. 2. Mental Health Objection to ethical relativism ( from the definition or standard of a group ) : If â€Å"what is right in one group is incorrect in another. † where precisely does one group terminal and another Begin? Counter-objections to the Mental Health Objection ( by the relativist ) : * Right and incorrect are to be determined in the state of affairs. * Right and incorrect are to be determined by what the bulk determine at the clip and topographic point. * Right and incorrect are finally established by power or authorization. 3. Ad Populum Objection to the relativist’s belief that moralss is established by what most people believe: Simply because most people think something is right does non thereby do it right. Simply because most people think a statement is true does notmake that statement true Counter-objections to the ad populum expostulation ( by the relativist ) : a. The same trouble of set uping the significance of â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† issues for the absolutist. pari passu. The absolutist has been unable to province a universally agreed upon intending to the footings. ( Notice that this response is a discrepancy of the ad hominem- tu quoque. ) B. Other solutions to the inquiries of the significance of cardinal ethical footings harmonizing to the relativist are possible by appealing to survival value. consensus gentium. and so on 4. Moral Progress Expostulation: If ethical relativism were right. there could be no such thing as moral betterment or intent in civilizations or a person’s life. To hold betterment. we must hold a criterion by which to judge the difference in moral values. Counter-objections ( by the relativist ) : a. That’s correct–we can do no such judgement that one society is better than another. We could merely judge by our ain values. B. If something like â€Å"survival value† is used to anchor moral beliefs. so moral betterment might be identified with â€Å"increased cognition refering endurance of the society. † * Ethical Absolutism: the normative position that there are basic or cardinal ethical rules which are true without making or exclusion as to clip. status. or circumstance. * Ethical Nihilism: the position that ethical footings such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no significance or are nonsensical. A. Expostulation: but something is meant when we say. â€Å"X is incorrect. † Counter-objections ( by the nihilist ) : 1. If there is no empirical significance to the footings. they have no â€Å"cash value. † ( Q. v. . positivism. ) 2. â€Å"Whatever can be said. can be said clearly. † The load of cogent evidence that the footings have significance is on the non-nihilist. * Ethical Incredulity: the position that ethical footings such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† might hold intending but their significance can non be established. A. Expostulation to incredulity at this point is methodological. Ethical incredulity should non be held a priori at the beginning of an probe but should merely be a possible result after a thorough survey.

Neutralizing a Base With an Acid

Neutralizing a Base With an Acid When an acid and a base react with each other, a neutralization reaction occurs, forming a salt and water. The water forms from the combination of the H ions from the acid and the OH- ions from the base. Strong acids and strong bases completely dissociate, so the reaction yields a solution with a neutral pH (pH 7). Because of the complete dissociation between strong acids and bases, if youre given a concentration of an acid or base, you can determine the volume or quantity of the other chemical required to neutralize it. This example problem explains how to determine how much acid is needed to neutralize a known volume and concentration of a base: Solving an Acid-Base Neutralization Problem What volume of 0.075 M HCl is required to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 solution? HCl is a strong acid and will dissociate completely in water to H and Cl-. For every mole of HCl, there will be one mole of H. Since the concentration of HCl is 0.075 M, the concentration of H will be 0.075 M. Ca(OH)2 is a strong base and will dissociate completely in water to Ca2 and OH-. For every mole of Ca(OH)2 there will be two moles of OH-. The concentration of Ca(OH)2 is 0.01 M so [OH-] will be 0.02 M. So, the solution will be neutralized when the number of moles of H equals the number of moles of OH-. Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of OH-.Molarity moles/volumemoles Molarity x Volumemoles OH- 0.02 M/100 millilitersmoles OH- 0.02 M/0.1 litersmoles OH- 0.002 molesStep 2: Calculate the Volume of HCl neededMolarity moles/volumeVolume moles/MolarityVolume moles H/0.075 Molaritymoles H moles OH-Volume 0.002 moles/0.075 MolarityVolume 0.0267 LitersVolume 26.7 milliliters of HCl Performing the Calculation 26.7 milliliters of 0.075 M HCl is needed to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 Molarity Ca(OH)2 solution. The most common mistake people make when performing this calculation is not accounting for the number of moles of ions produced when the acid or base dissociates. Its easy to understand: only one mole of hydrogen ions is produced when hydrochloric acid dissociates, yet also easy to forget its not a 1:1 ratio with the number of moles of hydroxide released by calcium hydroxide (or other bases with divalent or trivalent cations). The other common mistake is a simple math error. Make sure you convert milliliters of solution to liters when you calculate the molarity of your solution!

A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

A - Essay Example Slight mistakes in any of the field listed would render the whole project being undertaken futile. The computer is the core of every operation in the current generation of trade and general life. That is why it is taken first as the core qualification for any other do. Continuous development on it brings experience especially when applied to the other fields of concern as listed. I am also a philanthropist. Based on acquisition of all these qualifications, the main aim is profitability and objectivity to the society. The computer society degree has a major aim of easing problem solving skills in the society; the business operations degree will be endeared toward helping profitable engagements in the society. The degree in youth and women empowerment is meant to develop a strong team of women and youth in the society. This is a show if value and giving back to the society in spite of having achieved much in the long run as an individual. One aspect of me that is very predominant therefore is that of bringing change to my immediate environment. This change started with me. The first thing is to get the valuable education required. It is also systematic in that it starts with a foundation on computers. The next change applies to the immediate society; the women and children. This is my society. Developing it will be developing me as a person and the world at large. This equally creates a trend of change in me. This knowledge to the society will create independence in their minds and actions which at the far end makes a society that knows itself and the environment around it. Conservation, business knowledge to marketers and health issues are just but a piece of the society that will be created by my founded knowledge. On top of the above, I am a problem identifier and solver. Though the solving ability will be dependent on the eventual qualifications, the foundation of this lies in the willingness to take up the challenge. The society is marred by

E-commerce in Arab countries ,what is the benefits Article

E-commerce in Arab countries ,what is the benefits - Article Example Relationships among individuals and organisations have been revolutionized by the massive application of information technology. Such massive use of information and communication technologies has resulted to simpler processes, enhanced productivity, increased customer participation, and reduced costs. As a result large numbers of organisations have shifted from the traditional business platform to the online platform of running business. All these factors have greatly influenced the economies of almost all the developed and developing countries over the past few years. The effects are more prominent in case of developing countries like Arab countries. Generally the list of Arab countries includes Algeria, Djibouti, Bahrain, Iraq, Egypt, Lebanon, Kuwait, Jordon, Mauritania, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Palestinian Autonomous Territories, Oman, Qatar, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Tunisia. Economies of all these countries especially Saud i Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Oman, Sudan and Kuwait are found to be growing fast. As a result use of internet and other related technologies in these countries has increased over the past year and most importantly this use is expected to increase at a faster rate than it was ever before. This paper focuses on e-commerce activities in Arab countries. The paper also contains the benefits of e-commerce having on the economies of Arab countries. The report includes a brief overview of the main concepts of e-commerce. Commercial activities, as we all know, comprise those that are required to carry out trade between different parties. Generally the exchange of products and/or services is settled as per conditions that are mutually acceptable by the parties and hence the objective of any commercial transaction is to ensure that all the parties

Problems of Human Services Clients Essay Example for Free

Problems of Human Services Clients Essay In this paper, I will be describing the range of problems facing human services clients and how the specific helping skills that can be used with clients. There are many problems a human services faces with a client. The needs can range from helping clients with issues such as, substance abuse, mental or physical illness, grief, disabilities, caring for children and families, domestic violence, Veterans, and a personal loss. Also, a human services clients can have a large range of family problems that can lead into more difficult problems. (Woodside McClam, (2011). A human service worker must gain clients trust to help a client get the best possible help they need. For instance, some predictable problems are due to a rapid change in society such as loss of jobs, homeless of families with disabilities. However, we all need to work together as a team so that we can provide help with their daily needs. In addition, when human service professional is working with a child they must identify if the home is a safe place to live. Also, a human service must ensure that a child have its basic needs to survive. They can also work with the parents by helping them with family planning such as birth control for each individual. Moreover, a human service professional can also help with parenting classes for their parents. Some countries cultures are different. However, there are several ways a human service can guide parents how to fill out an application for food stamp assistance so that the family will have a meal to eat every day. Another problem a client may face is to find good childcare for their child. For instance, a client may have job, but can’t afford a daycare for their children due to low pay wages. (Woodside McClam, (2011). Human services help clients that need assistance with low income housing. There are some people facing problems with domestic violence in their home. However, most situations can be dangerous and physical violent causing someone to get hurt or bodily injury causing a death. Moreover, children living in a violent environment can be in danger for their lives. Therefore, a child can be taken from their home by human services because the child is no longer safe. Human service helper must take the necessary measures to finding a foster or an adoptive parent for their client children’s. The primary categories of problems that affect a client of human services are gather together into social-cultural barriers. Moreover, there are a huge figures that affect clients whom need services under this group. There are many problems in some cultures, a women can’t accept family planning services from a human service provider because the woman can’t make that decision. They would have to get permission from their husbands. Communication is the key to understand one another by sending messages to each other. We use communication to get to know the client perspective of the situation. (pg. 201). A human service provider pay close attention of the client by focusing on the verbal and nonverbal messages from a client. Communication is a very important factor in helping with a client. According to Woodside McClam, (2011). Furthermore, communicating with one another can make the problem solving process of a client flow smoother. Woodside McClam, 2011 report that communication involves sending a message to another person with the conscious intent of affecting the receiver’s behavior. (pg. 201). In figure 7. 2 (pg.  201) shows the method when a person is receiving the message and if he understands the sender message correctly this is an effective communication. A message can be verbal or nonverbal. For instance, a client can walk into a human service office, the helper say to him verbally,† Hello, how are doing today? † A verbal communication is when words come out of a person mouth. The client didn’t speak to the human service provider, he just shrug his shoulders and nodded his head forward. The behavior of the client was non-verbal because he didn’t show any reaction. The well-educated skillful helper interpret the sender’s message by the client behavior. (Woodside McClam, 2011). (OKUN Kantrowitz, 2008). Reported the professional worker is able to hear what the client was saying by the way he reacted. Moreover, a person may smile and give out a handshake, this a non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal behaviors consist of a client’s posture, tone of voice, gestures, eye contact, and touch. For example, when we first go out on a date, we want to impress the other person by smiling, talking in a soft low voice. Furthermore, good eye contact is better whenever, we are communicating with each other. Therefore, we must make a good impression when we first meet a person. Next step in helping skills that can be utilized with a client is listening and responding. (pg. 204). Listening and responding according to Woodside and McClam, (2011). Researched that the way we listen and respond to person is very important in the helping skills process because a human service provider can build a trusting relationship with their client. Moreover, a person must hear what the other person is saying by sending a message verbally or non-verbally. Some people think they are good listeners, but most people aren’t. (See Table 7. 3). (Woodside McClam, (2011). There are healthy behaviors in communication such as, verbal behaviors. Verbal behaviors are mirroring a person feelings, clarifying, showing a sense of humor, providing information that a client needs, explaining helper roles, sharing information about oneself, being non-judgmental, asking questions, making the right use of gestures and touching. Nonverbal behaviors are making eye contact, listening to a person, smiling, nodding head one’s head, leaning forward, maintain a relaxed posture, facing the client, displaying facial expression, being punctual, and maintaining a moderate rate of speech. (pg. 204). In addition, we must focus on the client by utilizing these helping skills to help provide the necessary help a client may need. In the text book, (pg. 205). There is a certain kind of listening a human service engage in is called responsive listening or active listening. There are two ways of responsive listening or active listening that is presented by Egan (2010, pp. 134-135) he offered that there are many things that a helper can do to talk to a person that they are paying close attention. (Woodside McClam, (2011). In conclusion, Egan (20) researched that there are five behaviors that a human service professional can follow to let their clients know they are listening. First, s means face the client, O means adopt an open posture, L means lean toward the other person, E means maintain good eye contact, and R means try to be relatively relaxed. Furthermore, these are acronym SOLER. Moreover, remembering these acronym can show a person that the helper is listening. Attending behavior is another way a helper can let the client know that they are pay attention and listening. In this paper, I have discussed some ranges of problems facing human service clients and specific helping skills that can be used with clients.

Essay --

What is progeria? The word Progeria is a Greek word â€Å"progeros† meaning 'prematurely old' Progeria is a rare genetic disease that causes children to age faster than normal. Children with this disease do not show any symptoms at birth until after their first 10 months, after which their face and body will start to show accelerated retardation and resembles to that of an adult. Their head usually grows to that of an adult and their hair will start to disappear as they grow. Life average expectancy for children affected by this illness is usually between 13 to 20 years. Research shows the major causes of death of children affected by this disease is heart failure and stroke. Causes Symptoms Complications Preparing for your appointment Tests and diagnosis Treatments and drugs Lifestyle and home remedies Lifestyle and home remedies coping and support Causes Majority of children with this disease have a change in the gene that is responsible for encoding the LMNA in their bodies. LMNA is a gene that is responsible for producing a protein that helps maintain the structural integrity of the nucleus in human cells. When LMN A malfunctions certain nucleus in the body becomes unbalance. As a result of this malfunctioned nucleus, it is believed that the malfunctioned or the unbalanced proteins are the cause of progeria in children. Sometimes this disease occurs without any given cause. It sometimes occurs in a family that has not such history. While this disease affects the genes that helps our body to function there is no proven research which shows that it hereditary. Symptoms Children with this disorder are born normal at birth. They start to show characteristics of this disease before their first birthday. At this time they will start to... ...t blood clots. Growth hormone medication may also help the patient increase height and weight. Research also shows that there are steps parents and doctors can take to improve the quality of life for children affected by this disease. Example: since poor appetite is associate with this disease, parents are encourage to give certain nutritional supplements, like Pediasure and Boost to help patient get the nutrition and calories they need. Lifestyle and home remedies There are some steps parents can take at home that may help child affected by this disease. Parent should make sure to keep children with progeria stay warm and always hydrated. Dehydration can cause more harm to children affected with this disease. The child needs to always drink enough, more so whenever they are ill. They should always be provided with meals they are reach in nutrients and calories.

Smith Consulting Project

These reviews will bring awareness to the employees that their efforts (or lack of) have not gone unnoticed. They will realize that their performance level is directly proportional to the bonus, so instinctively, employees will strive to do their best in order to maximize the rewards. Encourage employees to further education, or seek professional certifications by offering tuition reimbursement, and bonus or salary perks for successful completion of degrees or certifications. This will let the employee know that the company is willing to invest in him or her, and by extension, he or she is considered an asset.Form an employee relations committee which will plan social activities for employees to take part in. Possible events include: Potluck lunch, Christmas dinner, Charity endeavors (food, clothes, and book drives, etc. ), community cleanups, etc. This is an opportunity for staff members of varied levels to come together and socialize without the constraints of bureaucracy or compan y politics. Clients Engagement Approach can be extended to include the way that a company interacts with its Clients. Similar to the Employee Relationship, the company must find a way to keep Clients happy, and loyal.Failure to do this could result in negative reviews, loss of clients, loss of business, and loss of revenues. The trickle-down effect of this can be disastrous as the company may have to lay off staff in response to decreased income. With this in mind, it is extremely important to maintain good client relations. To achieve this, the company must be mindful to do the following: Obtain clear directives from the client in terms of their expectations. When in doubt, do not hesitate to follow up with the client for clarification. This ensures that both parties are on the same page and prevents miscommunication which can lead to inflict.Always communicate respectively with the client. Always keep an open line of communication. It is extremely frustrating when a client is unab le to contact his or her service provider. Deliver products on time. This fosters reliability and loyalty. Software Development Definition The formal definition of software is a set of written computer interpreted instruction dictating how to process data input and output. The development of software is the process of creating the written set of instructions that meet the requested specification requirements according to customer need.The software development life cycle is the development model to achieve a practical product fitting the description of the specification requirements. The development end-goal is to produce a product that is easily maintainable, productive, and dependable. Methodologies Scrum is the principal software development methodology in practice by Smith Consulting for new software development requests. Scrum is an agile development methodology involving development teams working in unison independent of each other and at the same time interdependent on each te am's work (Tech Target, 2007).The Scrum methodology spawns developmental decisions as a result of active software creation, directing and guiding the development team task to keep on the project timeline and according to specification. The Lean Software Development approach is Smith Consulting secondary software development method in practice. The consideration of the Lean methodology for development is in regard to redevelopment or version upgrade to existing software products. The Lean methodology is a derivative of a project management approach originally developed by the Toyota Motor Corporation (MANS, 2012).The purpose of the Lean approach is to develop a more robust and efficient software product. The development technique is to achieve a reduction in processing overhead. Rework includes removing invaluable features and employing modern coding technique to improve overall program flow. Project Management Project management is a critical function because the prosperity of the e ntire organization depends on it. Since the success of project management depends on the leaders of this company, they should possess a clear business vision that includes IT and business experience.This vision should be established at the ginning of the project and should clarify what is in and outside the scope of the project. The most efficient engagement approach should be one that includes a good line of communication with stakeholders including end-users. These stakeholders should be tasked to show commitment to the project by agreeing to a contract. The project management process should be divided into manageable pieces that are easier to easier to understand and manage. Proper management also includes ensuring the required tools and manpower is available to the teams.The contract should clearly identify who has what responsibility and how they are to be accomplished. Other requirements include: Ensure each process has someone responsible for managing it Identify who is respo nsible for managing costs Identify who and how many analysts and what their functions are Identify contract programmer costs The project will be reviewed on a weekly basis to identify if the company is still on the correct course and if any additional changes or if any previously unknown problems have arrived. Reviews are also a good time to find if any of the key player's ideas have changed and how to approach it if at all.For this project I recommend selecting omen independent of the project to conduct these reviews. Single systems not one-size-fits-all The reason why a single system is not likely to be a one-size-fits-all solution is because you for one have a lot of areas that needs to be addressed. Now, when you look at the legal field in today's world it I becoming increasingly technical-dominated by the availability of technologies that are specific to the legal field as well as the tangible type improvements for both the efficiency and productivity when solutions are impleme nted in many firm's especially law firms.For the firm's broad services you ill have to come up with decisions to purchase and implement specific technologies because it's a heavy part of them all, and the reason for this is because if you choose and well as put in the wrong solutions in place. The work environment will suffer as the staff will also struggle to adapt to the software that is being used, ultimately not taking full advantage of the software or worst case scenario by abandoning the whole system altogether. Another reason why a single system will not likely be a one-size- fits-all is because you will need different systems to be in place like: PracticeManagement Software, and Storing Information and Automation. The biggest reason why a single system is not likely to be a one-size-fits-all is because it will most likely lack the depth of functionality, so by this being said the firm will be looking to find more than one type of solution when it comes down to finding more t han one practice area. One other difference is the level of customization because the one- size-fits-all provides for both front-end as well as back-end but lacks areas and you will need to find a better way to implement everything to work and function properly. Program Specification GuidelinesThis portion of the document should act as a guide for Smith Systems Consulting Software Developers to adhere to closely during the software development phase. This guide will help to streamline the company's way of determining requirements, and incorporating them into the developing program. The uniformed approach will ensure that the same level of care and attention is bestowed on all of Smith Systems Consulting projects – no matter what size or budget. Stakeholders A project's stakeholder is anyone who will be affected by, or who has an interest in the project's progress and execution.Stakeholders in a systems development project usually include (but are not limited to) the project's users, Information Technology department, the affected department(s)'s manager, members of the company's upper management, the chief financial officer (SCOFF), and the company's president. Prior to entering the requirements elicitation phase of the project, it is imperative for the development team to make a list of all stakeholders, as they will play an important role in defining the system's requirements.User Requirements User requirements refer to the unique functionality aspects of a system that are accessory for the user to accomplish his or her Job. In order for the programmer or system developer to fully understand what the resulting program is meant to do, it is important to discuss the functionality details with those who know the operation best – the users. The users will provide in-depth and clear understanding of the inner- workings of the system as well as the crucial tools and functions that are necessary for optimal performance.The development team should be p repared to use various methods to elicit the requirements so that feedback is gathered from all of the users that were nitpicked for the task. Some common methods for gathering requirements are surveys and face to face interviews. Where necessary, the developer should also be prepared to offer an anonymous system to collect requirements in order to protect the identity of the user – should they so desire that mode. The users play a profound role in system development.By offering different avenues for feedback and requirements retrieval the company is maximizing the amount of data it receives and therefore ensuring that all bases are covered in the resulting product. Once the business development plan has been created it is important to consult with the users again. This ensures that the requested functionality and tools are accounted for and helps to prevent any costly misunderstandings in the future. System Security Requirements To describe the security requirements in the c ompany's policy it must first define in detail what data it is expected to handle.This requires working closely with the clients to gain an understanding of the confidentiality and importance of data. Once that is established, and then the types of employees who will have access to certain levels of data should be clearly described in terms of security levels. System Security sting will focus on the following tasks: Sign-on procedures This determines the security of passwords and defines when and how often users are expected to change them. Password reset methods will also be defined in the policy.In addition a method of accessing the system through back-door methods should be described as a means of access in case of an emergency. Database security Access to the database is described here. This highlights which users have access to applicable data and which are designed on a need to know basis. Physical security Here the physical security of the equipment associated with the busine ss to include reward such as workstations and servers are described. Cameras will be installed at strategic locations along with bagged access points to minimize the possibility of the theft of physical property.Third-party tools Establish an understanding with vendors to ensure their continued partnership is dependent on their ability to match our system security standards. Test environment A secure test environment ensures that only required personnel have access to the testing environment. Additionally, a test environment is a safe environment to prepare changes before officially rolling them out to the company as a whole. The yester security of Smith Consulting will require compliance with semi-annual evaluations from an outside source to determine an evaluation of security precautions, procedures, and vulnerabilities.The results of the evaluation are to be maintained along with the policy instruction so that the requirements of future evaluations can be validated against past t ests. Software Platform Compatibility Requirements Software compatibility is an important part of the process of software development. Compatibility is first determined by which operating system(s) the software to be developed will be designed to run on successfully. A determining factor may be what system the company is using now or what the computer they may be using in the future.For example, there may be some issues with Windows XP but the company may be set to release Windows 8 machines as part of the role-out of the new software. In this case it is best to design software compatibility for the Windows 8 machines. The same can be said with servers if the software will be network based. Additionally the company may consider running their services from the cloud. In this case the software compatibility may be no more than ensuring a compatible browser such as Internet Explorer, Firebox or Chrome.Each scenario is different and is precisely one of the reasons why each company will require a customized Software Platform Compatibility Requirement list. Database Application Testing Requirements This section will serve as a generic methodology of Smith Consulting approach to database application testing requirements. The objective is to document a reusable database performance evaluation strategy regardless of database vendor or design specification. Additional testing steps may be applicable per vendor recommendation.Any additional steps are a project plan requirement used in injunction with Smith Consulting guidelines of database verification. The intention of database examination is for conducting a systematic test to validate data structure and data integrity during user software application read write performance testing. Assumptions Database performance testing in conjunction with software application database read write operations assumes the database architecture and structure development is to specification and logically designed.An additional assumption is the development of indexes, views, triggers, stored procedures, and functions exist and the database is available for software unit testing. Data Mapping Data mapping is a validation process to ensure end-user data entry form fields correspond with the mapped database table fields. The expected result of the verification of the retrieved data from application input must be consistent with the outlined data model from the database data dictionary. The only acceptable result will prove data writes to the designated table or tables and is congruent with format, length, and type of the data definition.Stress Testing The purpose of stress testing a database is to understand the performance and reliability during heavy user interaction. Performing a high volume stress test assessment is essential to uncover database bottlenecks resulting in long response times and slow performance. A stress load is performed by simulation of a designated number of application users. The load variance selection shall simulate, according to project specification, the average number of end-users, below average number of end-users, slightly above average number of end-users, and five times the average number of end-users.The load simulation will create scenarios where users concurrently query against and write to the same table and numerous tables across he database. Result failure requires documentation and further evaluation for database optimization. Failure also warrants a hardware design team consultation to determine if the hardware is sufficient to handle the transaction load simulation. Transaction Isolation Transaction isolation verification tests the database reaction during the occurrence of multiple table transactions taking place at the same time. A realistic situation exists where various read write requests will be present concurrently.While the scenario is unavoidable in a multi-user environment the state of the database is at risk during a existing read write reques t. The performance outcome ought to appear as though each database demand executes one right after the other. Depending on the applied transaction isolation level, record locks are set in accordance with the transaction call (Microsoft SQL Server, 2012). The importance of testing transaction isolation validates read and write record locking, how long the locks are held, and the on-screen response time of the simultaneous operations.The transaction isolation testing is a sub-set testing situation of the database load testing. Isolation result documentation hall include the number of transactions, the response time of the transaction, and note the accuracy of the data read write. Data integrity errors must be reported to the database design team as well as the software design team for evaluation. Required submission includes the detailed steps of the data integrity inaccuracy for reproduction of the error.Budgetary Constraints Testing is the most widely used approach to ensure softwar e quality but it also can be the most cost and time-consuming. To ensure the project for Smith Consulting stays in the green for budget concerns the project is scheduled with strict deadlines. Some cost overruns are normal for any project but the goal is to minimize the impact. Wars to accomplish these goals include defining clearly the responsibility of everyone involved with the project with clear methods of holding them accountable for their parts. Setting a financial goal is the best method to maintain a budget constraint.The project budget estimate should be accurately documented for management and the estimate should include when and how to handle costs associated with manpower in the event more help is required. The project statement should include a scope that is clearly defined in the beginning of the project. In situations where budget cuts may affect the ability to complete the project, managers should always start with physical resources before staff cuts. In more dire s ituations (where personnel are at risk) the standard remedy is to fill necessary positions with staff covering other potions to fill in until the financial situation has recovered.This design will ensure the impact on the project for the customer is minimal and will also prove our procedures are detailed. Software Testing To qualify new software for production the development team performs a multitude of readiness tests. Qualified software must pass the following tests: Integration, Compatibility, Functionality, Usability, Security, Load/Stress, Documentation, Implementation, Automation, Support, and, Debugging. The following sections will highlight the various testing methods that Smith Systems Consulting uses to ensure product reliability and competency.Performance Testing Meeting the needs of a company and client is a performance requirement of software engineering. Performance testing is a routine performance evaluation that determines how the system will behave. The behavior co rresponds with the terms of responsiveness along with execution stability under a system initiated workload. One major thing that performance testing can serve well in is to measure, validate, investigate, or even verify all other attributes that are set up within the system such as: the reliability, resource usage, and scalability.To monitor the system's performance, it is important to perform the steps that are highlighted in the following sections. Integration Testing While software is generally produced to perform specific Job functions, it is important and efficiency encouraging to incorporate integration with other applications. For example, an accounting information system would benefit from company database integration, as well as Microsoft Excel and Adobe Acrobat report saving integrations. Lately, it has become commonplace for programs to include software integrations as they incorporate the Software Oriented Architecture platform.With this in mind, it is extremely importa nt for the development team to iron out the integration kinks before the software is released. To ensure that product integrations are functioning properly, the program testers have to: Identify all of the integrated programs and software Determine the associated version numbers that the program is being tested on. For ACH integration, perform in-depth testing. If the integration is not working well, the tester will have to troubleshoot, and possibly contact the product team of the integrated product or service.When the integration is working properly, the version number should be noted. When the program is released to the public, the integrated programs' version numbers that the program has passed the integration tests for should be displayed within its documentation as verification of compliance. Compatibility Testing Within an organization, there are many different platforms and software at use. In order for the company to be successful, all of the information systems must be abl e to communicate with their respective devices.The company's architecture must be built so that this wide web of services, and products are working in tandem with each other, and are able to co-exist in an unobtrusive manner. Ensuring this prevents software incompatibility issues, which can prove to be very costly. As an example, if an organization is only using Microsoft Windows devices, it would not make sense to purchase Office for MAC or other proprietary Apple software that do not integrate with the Microsoft Windows platform.Similarly, if a seer wanted to use the Microsoft Skydive feature which allows them to connect to a remote PC, they will be unhappy to learn that Microsoft Windows 8. 1 does not support this. Performing compatibility testing showcases the limitations of the software and allows the programmer to compile a list of programs and versions which works with the system. Compatibility testing involves: Determining the software that the program is required to maintai n compatibility with. Performing thorough compatibility testing.If the system is found to be incompatible with the software already in place at the organization, the programmer just reevaluate, troubleshoot, and redo the section in question to make sire, Once the software is deemed compatible, the version numbers must be noted for inclusion in the project description documentation. Usability Testing One important factor when running an analysis on a potential client for Smith Systems Consulting is usability. Usability, by definition, are asking the questions is this â€Å"capable of being used† or is it â€Å"convenient and practicable for use† (Usable, 2014).Each organization that SC approaches will answer this question differently. What one company deems as an important and commonly used featured may be impolitely ignored by the next. This is why usability is so important. Another way of looking at usability is trimming the fat. If a company doesn't need certain feat ures than it really should be noted as not needing to be produced. This cuts down on production times and overall costs to the client making a more efficient project in the end.Functionality Testing To follow up with this of course it must be determined what is to be used most commonly and ensure that this is how the client envisioned. What is most important is that organization Smith Systems Consulting is working with feels they are getting apt attention and one certain way to do that is make the client feel as though they've been listened to in the usability and functionality fields. Functionality is defined as â€Å"the particular use or set of uses for which something is designed† (Functionality, 2014).In this notion it is clear that functionality is heavily tied to usability. How something is used is in relation to how it is designed. When Smith Systems Consulting designs their products it is important to keep the user and usability in mind. These are both best accomplis hed by performing speaking with users who will e using the product – especially those who may assist in any beta testing. If the end users and stakeholders provide a clear vision then the project should be nothing less than a success when the developers attain that goal.Load/Stress Testing Each organization that Smith System Consulting will be working with will have their own unique technology environment they will be operating in. The more that SC knows of these environments the more they can consider potential benefits or weakness that can be considered. Once these have been considered then a test environment can be established. What makes a good test environment is running the intended software in mock environment, ideally on a system with near identical computer specs. This would include running on the same operating system and using the same amount of RAM, processing power, and hard drive utilization.Once these parameters have been set then a server / client test can be run – ideally in a virtual environment. Once the program is operating on the network with an average number of computers connected and using the software then it can be fair to say this running a load test – that is a test within normal operating parameters. To fully stress the system would be to mimic running the network at high capacity. This may include either a high number of concurrently connected users or the server carry a high load of responsibilities, such as sharing heavy SQL queries in addition to the software testing.Debugging Debugger or debugging tool is a computer created software program that allows the programmer to test as well as debug other types of programs. Therefore, with debugging the software plays a major factor because when a program is debugged, the programmer will find errors such as missing coding areas when creating the program. For example imagine that a developer created a weeping and he or she wanted to place a picture on it but wonder ed why the picture wouldn't display. Debugging the program can assist the developer with diagnosing and fixing the problem that is causing the program to malfunction.This goes to show that having a debugger is a worth tool for correcting programming errors. Software Security Assessment The purpose of a software security assessment is to identify and expel code vulnerabilities prior to customer delivery. Identifying the presence of a code-layer exposed vulnerability is a fundamental action for conforming to a high standard. A good quality assurance model involves proactive steps to extinguish security flaws. Smith Consulting must guarantee the customer a secure product release and reduce the risk of threat exploitation via a thorough security testing regiment.Definition Software Security Assessment refers to testing criteria to establish threat resistant software. Testing shall demonstrate the software's ability to withstand the attempts of infiltration with mall-intentions. Strategy Examination and assessment validate the absence of typical security errors exposing subjection to threat according to the Common Weakness Enumeration (The MITER Corporation, 2011). Black Box Testing The black box testing strategy involves the use of a testing group with no working knowledge of the software code structure, engineering, or implementation plan (Michael, Van Wok, & Radicchio, 2005).Black box testers employ hostile approach to penetrate an application's security to identify bounds unknown during OSDL design and implementation phases. White Box Testing The white box testing strategy involves an orderly one-to-one validation source code is according to design specification and expected security components exist. The key preference from the black box testing is the assessor possesses an intimate knowledge of application code and construction (Mono, No Date). Analysis scans source code for common development faults identified from the Common Weakness Enumeration.The tester also keeps a lookout for seemingly harmless routines that can act as a back door for intrusion. Authentication Testing Authentication testing is a method of determining if a process or end-user is legitimate. The objective is to understand how the authentication process behaves and use that information to circumnavigate the authentication mechanism. Types of authentication tests are as follows: 1 User Enumeration – a brute force test using a valid user credential to determine if uncovering the authenticating password is possible (SPAS, 2012). Dictionary Testing – a method for determining common words found in a dictionary exist in a user passers (SPAS, 2012). 3 Password Recovery – the method to test the authenticity of a password reset or forgotten password request (SPAS, 2012). 4 Race Condition Testing – identification of multiple processes executing simultaneously that modify the same data (SPAS, 2012). Documentation A good method of documenting process es in Smith Consulting products is to mirror the practices of life-cycle management tools that are in compliance with the Serbians-Cooley Act.A sound business in today's environment should focus their efforts on automation development and documentation processes. Smith Consulting documentation procedures will involve in audit process that will identify who has accessed code and what changes have been made. The documentation process will also include the ability to track what testing and assurance of quality has occurred during the construction of the project. In addition, the procedures will also include the ability to change parts of an existing project that have been determined to fall out of the scope of the goal of the business vision.The idea behind aligning documentation testing procedures with the described Act is to yield rewards such as rework reduction by automating change management aspects of programming within a project (Heavenliest, 2006). In doing so, the replacement of old paper-based software development tools with change management and code-management tools that allow Smith Consulting to monitor change request within the software development process by attaching electronic signatures to the software. This further alps the rework elimination process by verifying that the documentation changes in line with the goals of the business.The different documentation types are listed as: Source Code Unit Test Report Software Test Procedure (provides instruction on how to test each component of a project) Code Explanation Report Implementation At times, in the implementation of test procedures it may become necessary to perform target testing to prove critical functions and reduce the risk of large amounts of rework. Prior to the testing of each unit the developer is required to update the test procedure for conducting each test and record the results as scribed in the documentation procedure.In situation where more tests are required they will be compl eted as needed in order to satisfy those implementation requirements. Developers are required to implement and test development projects in accordance with coding standards and methods outline in the Software Engineering Manual. All unit test results are maintained in the Unit Test Report. Automation The automation method requires that the development framework is separate from the test automation tools. The framework as designed is flexible enough to adapt to changes that the environment or the project may bring.The purpose of utilizing this method is because it is low costing. Implementing the test automation is a full- time effort that requires significant time and up-front investment. Automated tests are scheduled at 1,250, every other day. The only change to the automation procedure is if there is an unforeseen change to the business requirement that suggests a change should be made. Since automation is such an exhaustive task, it is reserved for projects on an enterprise level that expect multiple releases. The approach that Smith Consulting will use for its development projects is Test